Women from all education levels, from those with less than a high school diploma to those with doctoral degrees experience the gender pay gap. The gender role of men historically is to provide substantial income to the family, and the role of women is to take care of the children and the household.
Although society has been ruled by men for centuries, it is slowly moving toward equal opportunity for both genders. Women are now able to run for president and other types of jobs previously reserved for the male population. It is important to bring attention to these inequalities and double standards so all women can have the same respect and opportunity that is given to men. There are two types of inequality that women are faced with in the workforce.
Gender equality is one of many goals our society aims to achieve. Battling centuries of oppression, war, unequal rights to vote, work, or go to school; the progress our society has made over the last century, shows we have evolved socially. However, women continue to hold less power and value than their male constituents and in order to fully achieve gender equality, economic, legal, and social aspects must be met equally.
Men and women are different in many ways; through a constructionist lens these difference are both necessary and inevitable. In fact, the constructionist perspective argues that gender is socially related because categories that prescribe gender are formed within a social context. Through analyzing the language in either text, it can be inferred that women did not enjoy the same rights as men.
Arguably women and men in America are still influenced by gender role expectations. Women are still generally seen as caregivers and are thought to be feminine, while men are seen to be providers and are thought to be masculine. In some ways this inspires a Social Darwinism type society where the men and women who epitomize their role are seen to be successful; it is completely subjective whether this be harmful to a community.
Gender has been proven to be one of the most powerful effects on peoples choices when deciding over a female or male candidate in politics, but it was argued against that really the decision of a politician should be due to the characteristics they attribute. Yet some believe it presents how inequality in the workforce is still present even today, and stereotypes affect both women and men. Without sacrifice, nothing comes easy in life, although women possess the pressures of being a hardworking employee and mother at the same time, men however, share the like pressures of work versus home just to a lesser degree than women.
Ann Marie Slaughter is a successful role model holding multiple leadership positions with higher power. Researchers at the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, studied mitochondrial DNA inherited from mothers and genetic markers on the Y chromosome inherited from fathers in 40 populations from sub-Saharan Africa.
This suggested that women in hunter-gatherer populations, such as the! Kung and Hadza, were more likely to remain with their mothers after marriage than women from food-producing populations.
It was the reverse for men, suggesting that agriculture is indeed correlated with patrilocal societies. She studies bonobo societies, which are patrilocal but female-dominated. Females weigh 15 per cent less than males — similarly to humans and chimps — yet Parish says they have the upper hand because they cooperate and form alliances. Restoring and strengthening equality will require effort on multiple fronts, she says.
If patriarchy originated in sedentary social structures that formalised male ownership and inheritance, then laws that give women the right to own property in their own name, for instance, can help. But such laws exist in many 21st century societies — so why does the patriarchy persist? By Anil Ananthaswamy and Kate Douglas Harriet Lee Merrion THE vast majority of cultures are patriarchies, where men are more likely than women to hold positions of social, economic and political power.
Special report: The origins of sexism The imbalance of power between men and women is being hotly debated. Human cultural conditioning begins at birth, indeed, social norms even have an impact before birth: one study found that when pregnant women were informed of the sex of the baby they were carrying, they described its movements differently.
Many of the ideas we consider universally held are simply the social norms in our own culture. Consider the idea of responsibility. In my culture, if you deliberately hurt a person or their property this is considered a much worse crime than if you did it by accident, but in other cultures, children and adults are punished according to the outcome of their actions — intentionality is considered impossible to grasp and therefore largely irrelevant.
The biological differences between males and females, or indeed between ethnic groups, tell us nothing about how intelligent, empathetic or successful a person is. Modern humans are Although we have expanded far beyond our tropical evolutionary niche over tens of thousands of years, we have not speciated — we have not even diversified into different subspecies.
Our ancestors have not needed to make dramatic biological adaptations to the very different environments we live in, because, instead, we culturally evolved and diversified into a complexity of differently adapted cultures, each with their own social norms. It is our cultural developing bath, not our genes, that profoundly changes the way we think, behave and perceive the world. Studies comparing the neural processing of populations of westerners and East Asians, for example, show that culture shapes how people look at faces westerners triangulate their gaze over eyes and mouth, whereas East Asians centralise their focus.
Language reveals our norms and shapes the way we think. Children who speak Hebrew, a strongly gendered language, know their own gender a year earlier than speakers of non-gendered Finnish. English speakers are better than Japanese speakers at remembering who or what caused an accident, such as breaking a vase. Our brains change and our cognition is rewired according to the cultural input we receive and respond to.
Many of our social norms evolved because they improve survival, through group cohesion, for instance. But social norms can also be harmful. Social norms that classify particular groups to the bottom of a social hierarchy encourage society to collude with that positioning and those people do worse in outcomes from wealth to health, strengthening the norm. A major study, by researchers at Berkeley, of 30, American shift workers found that black, Hispanic and other minority workers — particularly women — are much more likely to be assigned irregular schedules, and the harmful repercussions of this were felt not just by them but also by their children, who fared worse.
The danger of ascribing genetic and biological bases for our actions is that individuals and groups are not given equal opportunities in life, and they suffer. It is, after all, very convenient to believe that the poor are feckless and undeserving, morally weak or stupid, rather than casualties of a deeply unfair systemic bias.
If we persist in the idea that there is a natural — a best — way to be a human, then we blind ourselves to the great diversity of potential ways of being, thinking and feeling, and impose social limitations on those whose life choices are no less legitimate than ours. If we invented it, we can alter it.
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